Lanthanides Definition in Chemistry

Below the main body of the periodic table are two rows of elements. These are the lanthanides and the actinides. If you look at the atomic numbers of the elements, youll notice they fit in the spaces below scandium and yttrium. The reason they arent (usually) listed there is because this would make the table too wide to print on paper. Each of these rows of elements has characteristic properties. Key Takeaways: What Are the Lanthanides? The lanthanides are the elements in the top of the two rows located below the main body of the periodic table.While there is disagreement over exactly which elements should be included, many chemists state the lanthanides are elements with atomic numbers 58 through 71.Atoms of these elements are characterized by having a partially filled 4f sublevel.These elements have several names, including the lanthanide series and the rare earth elements. The IUPAC preferred name is actually lanthanoids. Lanthanides Definition The lanthanides are generally considered to be elements with atomic numbers 58-71 (lanthanum to lutetium). The lanthanide series is the group of elements in which the 4f sublevel is being filled. All of these elements are metals (specifically, transition metals). They share several common properties. However, there is some dispute over exactly where the lanthanides begin and end. Technically, either lanthanum or lutetium is a d-block element rather than f-block element. Yet, the two elements share characteristics with other elements in the group. Nomenclature The lanthanides are indicated by the chemical symbol Ln when discussing general lanthanide chemistry. The group of elements actually goes by any of several names: lanthanides, lanthanide series, rare earth metals, rare earth elements, common earth elements, inner transition metals, and lanthanoids. The IUPAC formally prefers the use of the term lanthanoids because the suffix -ide has a specific meaning in chemistry. However, the group acknowledges the term lanthanide predates this decision, so it is generally accepted. Lanthanide Elements The lanthanides are: Lanthanum, atomic number 58Cerium, atomic number 58Praseodymium, atomic number 60Neodymium, atomic number 61Samarium, atomic number 62Europium, atomic number 63Gadolinium, atomic number 64Terbium, atomic number 65Dysprosium, atomic number 66Holmium, atomic number 67Erbium, atomic number 68Thulium, atomic number 69Ytterbium, atomic number 70Lutetium, atomic number 71 General Properties All of the lanthanides are shiny, silver-colored transition metals. Like other transition metals, they form colored solutions, however, lanthanide solutions tend to be pale in color. The lanthanides tend to be soft metals that can be cut with a knife. While the atoms can exhibit any of several oxidation states, the 3 state is most common. The metals are generally quite reactive and form an oxide coating upon exposure to air. Lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, and europium are so reactive they are stored in mineral oil. However, gadolinium and lutetium only slowly tarnish in air. Most lanthanides and their alloys quickly dissolve in acid, ignite in air around 150-200  °C, and react with halogens, sulfur, hydrogen, carbon, or nitrogen upon heating. Elements of the lanthanide series also display a phenomenon called lanthanide contraction. In lanthanide contraction, the 5s and 5p orbitals penetrate into the 4f subshell. Because the 4f subshell is not fully shielded from the effects of the positive nuclear charge, the atomic radius of the lanthanide atoms successively decreasing moving across the periodic table from left to right. (Note: This is, in fact, the general trend for atomic radius moving across the periodic table.) Occurrence in Nature Lanthanide minerals tend to contain all elements within the series. However, the vary according to the abundance of each element. The mineral euxenite contains lanthanides in nearly equal proportions. Monazite contains mainly lighter lanthanides, while xenotime contains mostly heavier lanthanides. Sources Cotton, Simon (2006).  Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry. John Wiley Sons Ltd.Gray, Theodore (2009). The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe. New York: Black Dog Leventhal Publishers. p. 240. ISBN 978-1-57912-814-2.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1230–1242. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar and Gupta, Chiranjib Kumar (2004). Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths. CRC Press. ISBN 0-415-33340-7.Wells, A. F. (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). Oxford Science Publication. ISBN 978-0-19-855370-0.

The Friendship Of Two Black Women By Toni Morrison Essay

Toni Morrison’s novel is about the friendship of two black women, and how they and others live with the challenge social circumstances in Ohio during 1920s to 1960s. Throughout the story, Morrison encourages black women should overcome hardships and traumatic experiences to become independent and self-determined when they face racism, sexism, and poverty. The paper is using social work lens to examine how African-American history affects U.S social welfare. To be honestly, learning American history is not easy to me. However, becoming a social worker in America, I need to build up the solid foundation of knowing the history of U.S. social welfare, so that I can provide the professional practice to serve people in need. I am grade that I can choose a historical novel to gain more understanding of social welfare. Because I am not familiar with African-American history and its culture, I think Toni Morrison’ novel Sula can bring me into the adventure of America in early 20th century. Toni Morrison, the first black woman to receive Nobel Prize in Literature, has published many novels since 1970. The majority of the characters in her novel are female. Sula is her second novel punished in 1973. Summary of the historical novel: Plot and main characters In the novel Sula, Toni Morrison describes how women live in difficult lives in the black community of Medallion, Ohio. The black women struggle with racism and sexism in 1920s to 1960s. The story opens with the prologueShow MoreRelatedMorrisons View on Gender in the Black Community Between 1919 and 19651362 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel â€Å"Sula†, Toni Morrison presents a very different view on gender in the black community between 1919 and 1965. Written in 1973 after the Civil Rights movement and during the feminist movement, Morison breaks down the traditional gender barriers from as early as 1919, proving that black females were â€Å"women† much sooner than their white â€Å"lady† counterparts. Morrison depicts matriarchal homes where the women are the dominant figures who even go as far as to emasculate their male oppositesRead MoreFriendship in Sula Essay1163 Words   |  5 PagesFriendship in Sula In Sula, Toni Morrison questions what true friendship is by putting Nel Wright and Sula Peace’s friendship to the test. Morrison tests the phrase â€Å"opposites attract† in this novel. Nel and Sula have two different personalities yet they are able to compliment each other. They are opposites in the way that they relate to other people, and to the world around them. Nel is rational and balanced; she gets married and gives in to conformity and the town’s expectations. SulaRead MoreBlack People and Roberta S Race Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesForgery of a Friendship Toni Morrison uses class codes to describe the main characters in her short story, â€Å"Recitatif.† Morrison made it a point to not use racial codes. Within doing this she is â€Å"forced as a writer not to be lazy† (Shappell). In the interview with Shappell, Morrison explains that the two girls are different races, one white and one black. The catch is that you are not sure which one is white and which one is black. The style is used to make the reader think. Morrison had to writeRead MoreRacism In Ralph Ellison1659 Words   |  7 Pages Racism in Toni Morrison’s and Ralph Ellison’s Works As generations have passed, society has become less and less racist. From a young age, many children are taught to celebrate diversity. This instills a sense of being able to love everyone, regardless of skin color or race. But a little over half a century ago, it was a completely different story. There was segregation present in buses, water fountains, and even bathrooms; this was all due to assumptions people made, just based on someone else’sRead MoreEssay on Paradise by Toni Morrison1825 Words   |  8 PagesParadise by Toni Morrison Throughout many of Toni Morrison?s novels, the plot is built around some conflict for her characters to overcome. Paradise, in particular, uses the relationships between women as a means of reaching this desired end. Paradise, a novel centered around the destruction of a convent and the women in it, supports this idea by showing how this building serves as a haven for dejected women (Smith). The bulk of the novel takes place during and after WWII and focuses on anRead MoreSula1108 Words   |  5 PagesNovel Study – Sula    Sula by Toni Morrison highlights the themes and expectations that we have been discussing throughout the course. This story illustrates the community expectations for women. A strong basis for a thesis statement for the book Sula could be betrayal. Betrayal in the novel Sula is the central theme that changes the course of life for all characters involved. One example of betrayal happens when Sula sleeps with Nel’s husband. Another basis for a thesis statement could be aRead MoreA Relationship Between A White And A Black Mother1313 Words   |  6 Pagesexpected to mirror the life of her mother, there is a mother daughter relationship or fate depiction. Barbary and Desdemona suffered the same fate – both died from/for love, they enjoy stories and music. It is unclear if Morrison is trying to make a comparison between a white and a black mother (the latter is usually reputed to be not-so-good-mothers, especially in American culture). It is challenging to separate race issue in the events of this play. Desdemona tells Barbary that she is color blind whenRead MoreBiography of Toni Morrison1620 Words   |  7 PagesToni Morrison Born on February 18, 1931, in Lorain, Ohio, Toni Morrison is a Nobel Prize- and Pulitzer Prize-winning American novelist, editor and professor. Her novels are known for their epic themes, vivid dialogue and richly detailed black characters. Among her best known novels are The Bluest Eye, Song of Solomon and Beloved. Morrison has won nearly every book prize possible. She has also been awarded honorary degrees. Early Career Born Chloe Anthony Wofford on February 18, 1931, in LorainRead MoreEssay On Sex And Race In Toni Morrisons Sula1201 Words   |  5 PagesSex and Race Toni Morrison’s Sula, is a powerful novel surrounded around the lives of black female characters and how their day to day lives help shape the community around them. Morrison depicts the struggles of gender, friendship, and suffering through the lives of these characters. Most importantly, she tells a story about â€Å"The Bottom† (which was a black community) and how these characters struggled with prejudices and racism from the wealthier community â€Å"The Medallion.† Morrison incorporationRead MoreTheme Of Race In Toni Morrisons Recitatif1504 Words   |  7 PagesToni Morrisons, Recitatif is a well written story in the sense that it supplies the reader with the satisfaction of a story in itself, but also attracts the reader into doing a more in-depth search into the mystery found within the short story. This mystery revolves around the question of the race of the main character, Twyla, as Morrison does an astounding job of balancing both sides of the argum ent. While discussing it in our class, I can see why we would start with this story. The idea that

The Developmental Theories of Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud,...

The developmental theories of Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson are all respected theorists in the study of psychology. All three have theories that help to explain why and how children develop into adolescents and adult hood. Although all three provide their own theories on this subject each theory shares similarities and differences with one another. Having a better understanding of each theory and the theorist will lend a better understanding to developmental processes that go into a child growing to an adult. Jean Piaget is best known for his theory that suggested children think differently than adults. His theory proposed that children’s cognitive development developed in†¦show more content†¦He said child development is described as a series of psychosexual stages. Freud outlined these stages as oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. Each stage involves the satisfaction of a libidinal desire and can later play a role in adult personality. If a child does not successfully compl ete a stage, Freud suggested that he or she would develop a fixation that would later influence adult personality and behavior. Freud mostly based his theory from his therapy sessions with his adult patients consisting of many with various psychosomatic disorders. According to Freud’s theory these patients were experiencing physical symptoms because there was a psychosexual stage which they had not fully fulfilled. â€Å"He believed that our most basic instinct is to derive pleasure by giving in to our innate aggressive and sexual impulses.† (Mossler, 2011 section 1.5) Freud described humans as having three essential components that built personality. The three components were the id, the ego, and the superego. He described the id, as being what governed an infant’s drive to overcome their primitive biological desires. According to his theory infants had no other goal than to release the tension that built up when theirShow MoreRelatedFreud, Erikson, And Piaget : Theories Of Developmental Psychology Essay2372 Words   |  10 PagesFreud, Erikson, and Piaget: Theories in Developmental Psychology Many factors influence children’s development as well as that massive amount of development theories that elaborate on why children do certain things, why children have developmental disorders, or even why some children have developmental delays. Although there are many theories regarding children development and how they are influences, theorist make some great points in the child development but with any theory come flaws such asRead MoreTheories Of Sigmund Freud And Jean Piaget1420 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopmental Theories Through Our Own Eyes Worldwide there are no two individuals who are identical in behavior or developmental traits. For many reasons, people differ physically, mentally, and emotionally. Through time, behavior has been studied developing into various theories by breaking down personality in hopes to better understand an individual’s way of conducting. To further understand how development works we will be exploring and comparing the psychological theories of three well-knownRead MoreThe Five Key Aspects Of Theoretical Orientation Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesecological. Each one of these happen to contribute an important piece to the life-span development puzzle. Although some of these theories may contradict the others they all work together to make us understand the things that happen throughout life. Together the coincide to let us see the total picture of development and the great things that come along with it. Psychoanalytic theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Psychoanalytic theorists emphasize that behaviorRead MoreThe Early Pioneers Of Development Theories With Modern Psychology Essay1931 Words   |  8 PagesDevelopment PSY2022 SO2 Lisa Voorhees 11/05/2016 Freud, Erickson and Piaget are some of the early pioneers of development theories with modern psychology. Sigmund Freud is a Austrian neurologist who is known for his theories and techniques with psychoanalysis. Erick Erikson is a German who was born in America and was best known for developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst for his theory based on psychosocial development within humans. Jean Piaget came from Switzerland where he studied child psychologyRead MorePsychology : The Influential Bunch1184 Words   |  5 Pagesfor taking his theory of behaviorism and applying it to child development. Watson is famous for saying that he could take a dozen healthy infants and train any one of them to become any type of specialist he might select (Watson E. 1999). He believed that you can expose the child to certain environmental forces and overtime conditioned that child to become whatever type of person you want. Erik Erikson is known for developing the eight psychological stages of human development. Erikson assumes thatRead MoreLife Course Development Interview. Name. Institution. Date1911 Words   |  8 Pagesover an individual’s life course. Several famous psychologists such as Erik Erikson, Sigmund Freud, Lawrence Kohlberg, and Jean Piaget describe development of an individual as a series of phases or stages. In this case, a stage refers to a period in development in which individuals exhibit typical patterns in behavior and establish certain capabilities. The various stages of development as outlined in various developmental theories and concepts that would be analyzed in the paper share three main assumptionsRead MoreA Case Study Of Antwan Elliot1183 Words   |  5 Pagesbackground is provided. The biographical information includes his life experiences from birth to present day. Also, specific narratives of Antwan’s life will be used as examples to ascertain or repudia te the developmental psychological theories of Erik Erikson, Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget. A Case Study of Antwan Elliot Biography Antwan is a 19 year-old African American male. He grew up on the outskirts of downtown Raleigh in a poor neighborhood. Antwan’s father constantly worked to supportRead More Philosophy of Child Development Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosophy on child development. In HCCF 467: Philosophies and Theories of Child Development, I took the Teacher Belief Inventory which assisted me in expressing my individual philosophy on child development. This inventory is a list of 30 statements for which you rate how strongly you agree or disagree. A number of points are given to each answer given, and then these scores are added up in three categories: cognitive-developmental, cultural-training/behaviorist, and maturationist-socializationRead MoreUnderstanding and Developing Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pageslife. Human development occurs at different stages, throughout the life span. A child will experience many milestones from birth to toddlerhood, throughout early and middle childhood , and several theories for these milestones. Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, and Erik Erikson classify their different theories of the stages of life in three unique domains: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial/emotional. Infancy/Toddlerhood (0-3) and Domain Physical The physical domain of lifespan development is continuallyRead MoreChildhood Development Through Active And Participatory Socialization1393 Words   |  6 Pagesconsists of a socially constructed series of predetermined stages, which eventually leads to the path of competency, and adulthood. Jean Piaget developed a psychological approach to childhood socialization by observing and describing children from various ages (Muuss, 1967, p. 289). Piaget’s theory has been subject to a considerable amount of criticism. Although Piaget presented childhood in a series of progressive stages, he actually believed that development does not always have a definite correlation

Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus - 1715 Words

Author: John Larigakis, Boston University April, 2014 Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Since its first description in 2012 by Dr. Ali Zaki1 the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus has been confirmed in the infection of 206 individuals and has resulted in 86 deaths2. The disease resulting from MERS-CoV infection presents with a fever of greater than 100.4á µâ€™F, acute respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia associated with acute renal failure1. The origin of the pathogen is in the Middle East including the following countries: Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Beyond the Arabian Peninsula the following countries have also been affected: France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom2. If the number of cases, mortality, disease state and distribution of the infection are considered then it is justifiable to say that MERS-CoV is an emerging infectious disease that must be investigated, understood and followed closely in order to prevent the loss of life. MERS- CoV is a coronavirus of the subgenus known as the betacoronaviruses. It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA species that infects the respiratory tract and kidney epithelium of both humans and animals3. This virus falls under the subgroup of betacoronaviruses known as lineage C which, up until this novel virus was identified, included isolates from bats. Indeed, the coronaviruses BtCoV-HKU4 and BtCoV-HKU5, which were onlyShow MoreRelatedMiddle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus1872 Words   |  8 PagesMiddle Eastern respiratory syndrome Coronavirus and a review into the possibilities to minimize spread of the virus. Abstract Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a deadly new Corona designated virus believed to originate on the Arabian Peninsula (Zaki et al 2012). This virus now has verified cases outside of the Arabian Peninsula including Oman, Algeria, Austria, the United States of America, the UK, Bangladesh and Turkey (Abdel-Moneim 2014). The apparent ease with whichRead MoreMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome Report Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome, also referred to as MERS-CoV, is a novel coronavirus that emerged in April 2012 in Saudi Arabia. The coronavirus causes severe repertory illness in humans in which nearly half of the reported cases have been fatal. Middle East Respiratory MERS-CoV has â€Å"also been shown to infect a range of human, primate, porcine, and bat cell lines† (Emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome). The coronavirus was first discovered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia at the Dr. SolimanRead MoreCoronavirus Vaccine Development : Coronaviruses1609 Words   |  7 Pages 2015 Virology Research Paper Coronavirus Vaccine Development Coronaviruses became prominent in the last 15 years after two human outbreaks brought them to society’s attention. In 2003 a coronavirus began infecting people in China. It was named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and by the end of the epidemic over 8,000 people had been infected worldwide with more than 800 deaths (Weiss and Navas-Martin 2005). In 2012 a new coronavirus strain lead to another outbreak inRead MoreMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)656 Words   |  3 PagesMERS-CoV is a respiratory disease that was first found in Saudi Arabia in 2012. This virus can cause people to get diseases such as the common cold to a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). MERS-CoV cases have been found in a few countries throughout the world, but mostly have been found in Middle Eastern countries such as Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia. Countries other than the Middle East have had MERS-CoV cases such as Germany, France, Italy, the United KingdomRead MoreThe Middle East Respiratory Syndrome1821 Words   |  8 PagesIn June 2015, the Republic of South Korea experienced an outbreak of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that was rapidly transmitted across the general population. Transmission was most active within medical institutions, specifically the emergency rooms because of their overcrowded conditions. There are several interventions that can reduce the risk for MERS outbreaks in South Korea; however, the government’s lack of response in 2015 led to an epidemic that was larger than

Struggle Session Free Essays

A struggle session was a form of public humiliation used by the Communist Party of Mao. When the struggle session began, the Red Guard used Labor camps, public humiliation, destruction of buildings or objects and corporal punishment to criticize the peoples who opposed to praise the great of Chairman Mao and rejected to publicize Maoism. And their targets were intellectuals, landowners and artists. We will write a custom essay sample on Struggle Session or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, Ye qianyu was famous in Traditional Chinese painting. During the war, he led a group of artists to participate in the anti-Japanese propaganda of the Allied. So he was labeled â€Å"U. S. mperialism spies† by Red Guard. He is not only to accept the corporal punishment, but also to participate in the labor camp. Therefore, there were two different tendencies of artist when the struggle session began, Political fanaticism class and Creative  Underground  Class. For the Political fanaticism class, they responded to the call of Chairman Mao, followed by the Central Cultural Revolution combat deployment and the creation of works of art. Most of their works contained the elements about praise of the great achievements of the Cultural Revolution and Demonize â€Å"enemy† which means Capitalist roaders. Follow Chairman Mao and advance in the great storms and wave†, printed by Shen Yao Iraq. It was one of the most famous works in Cultural Revolution. It m eans the people in the revolution was irresistible and didn’t afraid of anything if they followed Chairman Mao. For the Creative  Underground  Class, most of the works was not related to the expression of the political intentions of the Cultural Revolution. The artist usually used landscapes  to  express their emotion. Huang Qiutuan and Shi Lu was the representative of this painter. How to cite Struggle Session, Papers

A Movie Review of Ancient Mysteries †The Black Death Essay Sample free essay sample

How Black Death did come into being? What is it really? Where did it come from? Research workers still do non cognize the beginnings of this fatal pestilence. Emerging improbably in 542 A. D. . the destructive epidemic took 100 million lives. Writhing its manner from Egypt. through Asia Minor and into Europe. the harm lasted 52 old ages and vanished every bit puzzlingly as it arrived. Many supposed that the pestilence was sent from God as earful for the world’s wickednesss. How the intervention for the pestilence was at last revealed? Is it still with us at present? These were inquiries that were explored in the film. Starred by Leonard Nimoy. this event of the A A ; E telecasting sequence Ancient Mysteries addresses the destructive epidemic of the bubonic pestilence in the fourteenth century that killed half of Europe’s occupants over the span of three old ages. The history of the fatal pestilence. We will write a custom essay sample on A Movie Review of Ancient Mysteries – The Black Death Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page endeavored remedies. and feedbacks to the eruption are argued. The recent Ebola virus fear is besides given of import consciousness. as singular judgements are drawn between the likely calamity this virus poses and the chronological happening of the â€Å"black decease. † From Egypt to Constantinople. and separating over 100 million lifeless in its aftermath. the bubonic pestilence besides known as Black Death. is the most deadly disease the Earth has of all time came across. Supposed to hold widened from Egypt via great exports of grain and the gnawers that came with it. the disease pushed the universe into the Dark Ages. and was featured at that clip to be because of the God’s choler. Even much more is recognized about the eruption today. it keeps a changeless jeopardy that people like Kenneth L Gage. Plague Section Chief at the Center for Disease Control. are continually working to command. He was questioned for this A A ; E particular. offering general constructs on the mechanism of the disease. how it survives. multiplies. and kills every bit good. Recent betterment in pestilence turning away is dealt with. while piece and ancient art. along with histories from the clip and far-reaching vicinity footage. hovel awful visible radiation on t his critical point in universe history. When the Plague struck the West in the in-between old ages of the 14th century. no 1 truly knew how to forestall or handle the disease. Many thought they did. but no diet or bloodletting or supplications or mixtures proved successful. The culture’s rational model for covering with unwellness was profoundly flawed. and therefore the assorted conjectures people made based upon it were flawed. From 1348 to 1500 many doctors. Muslim and Christian. wrote treatises on the Plague. and tonss of these survive. They contain clear grounds of this flawed model and the mostly useless advice that emerged from it. The failure of mediaeval medical specialty stems from obstinate attachment to ancient governments and reluctance to alter the theoretical account of human physiology and disease they presented. The finds and innovations that did eventually consequence this alteration. nevertheless. took topographic point over 100s of old ages. Around 1700. a century after the development of the microscope and telescope. bookmans and doctors were still offering astrological accounts for the Plague and disregarding the bantam animate beings the human oculus could now observe. A century after that. they were still faulting the noxious â€Å"exhalations† of temblors for poisoning the air and doing the Plague. The accurate theoretical account of bubonic pestilence and its successful intervention are merely a century old. while the Black Death began 550 old ages ago. Because of the present inventions and engineerings. farther surveies are being conducted to be able to seek appropriate intervention and bar regimen for another similar eruption of Black Death. Beginning: ( 2005 ) Ancient Mysteries – The Black Death. A A ; E Home Video.

Cultural Elements of both Australia and Japan-Samples for Students

Question: You are to prepare a formal analytical essay on Japanese Business Etiquette and steps that Emily can use to make a favourable first impression when she visits Japan to meet with Mr. Hamasaki. Answer: Introduction: In order to establish an effective business in a different culture it is important to understand the cultural setting of a respective country. It is even more important, if the entrepreneur or the owner hails from another cultural setting.( Ferraro and Briody,2017) A business can only be successful if it understands and customizes its approach in way acceptable by the society it operates in. Thus it is important that Emily understands the social structure of Japan before she expands her business to the country. In the following assignment we will try to understand the basic differences that exist between Australia and Japan, knowledge of which will help Emily in her business development in the Japanese soil. Through the six dimensional model, it is possible to understand drivers of cultural elements of both Australia and Japan. The first dimension is the power distance- This dimension states that individuals in all society are unique. It also represents the attitude of individual towards these cultural differences. Power distance implies the extent to which the less powerful members of an organization or institutions within the country deals with the unequal distribution of power. (Moran et al,2014) With a score of 54 Japan has an intermediate positioning. Japanese are very pertinent about their social hierarchical position and act accordingly. Japanese work culture is dominated by a slow methodical way of decision making, passing through every level the of management and finally being sanctioned by the top management. In this context Japanese society is a meritocratic society. The education system allows everyone an equal opportunity and scope.( Drogendijk and Martn,2015) On the contrary Australia has a low power distance score of 36. The hierarchical positioning in Australian organizations are basically set up for convenience. Both managers and employees consult each other and share information. The work environment is taken to be more relaxed. The second dimension is that of individualism. This dimension aims to show the degree of interdependence there is among the members of the society. Japan scores 46 in this dimension, showing the traits of a collectivistic society. People have a strong fear of face loss in this society; the country puts the harmony of the group before the opinions of an individual. However, it is not as collectivistic as most Asian societies. (Sohaib and Kang,2014) This can be exemplified by the fact that Japan does not have the joint family system which forms the key feature of the Asian countries of China and Korea. While the Chinese indulge in the frequent job change, Japanese people are marked by the high loyalty gradient they have towards theirs companies. In addition to that they are the most reserved amongst the other Asian countries. Australia exhibits a high individualistic culture with a score of 90 in this dimension. The Australian society is very loosely knit and people are only expected t o take care of their immediate family members. The Australian organizations are characterized by employees who are self motivated and independent. Promotion and growth in the job field depends on merit and experience of an individual.( Beugelsdijk et al, 2015) Individualism is followed by the dimension of Masculinity. A high masculinity score indicates that the society is driven by competition, success. Every individual, right from the schools days are trained to be the best in the field. A low score or a feminine dimension implies a caring society with a high level of concern for others. Thus in short, this dimension shows the motivation factor of the population. (Dodd et al, 2015) With a sky high score of 95, Japan is the most Masculine society of the world. However, due to the mild collectivism that the society exhibits, assertive and competitive behavior which marks Masculinity is not seen in the Japanese society. The society is characterized by a high competition between groups, right from the kindergarten days. Even in the corporate world, employees are seen to be most motivated when they belong to the winning team n a competition. Japanese believe in high degree of excellence in material production that is monodukur and in service p roviding. The dimension of masculinity in Japanese society is marked by its notorious work culture. Though Australia too is categorized as a Masculine society, it has a low score compared to Japan. With a score of 61, Australian children, rights from their school days are taught that it is the winners world. Australians exhibit pride in their achievement which makes the base for hiring and growth decision in the work place. Conflicts are resolved quickly and the aim is to win. The fourth dimension is that of uncertainty avoidance. This dimension underlines the extent of fear that the members of a particular society may feel due to mysterious or ambiguous situations, and the beliefs and rituals created by them to counter the same. With a score 92, Japan is one of the most uncertainty avoiding countries of the world. This is due to the fact that Japan is frequently tormented by earthquakes, tsunamis, cyclones and other natural disasters. It is important for Japan to prepare itself to counter such natural challenges. It not only states the emergency plans for any sudden natural disaster, but also affects the other aspects of the society. Thus Japanese society is marked by rituals For example every school in Japan hosts a similar type of opening and closing ceremony.( Murata, 2014). Etiquette books mention the behavior that people should exhibit in ever social occasion, be it marriage or funeral. A form of reluctance among school teachers and public servants a te observed when they are called to do things without precedence. In the corporate field feasibility studies and risk assessment is emphasized upon before the launch of any new project. The management requires detailed facts and figures before reaching any decision. This dimension however makes change a difficult factor in Japan. In contrary to Japan, Australia exhibits an intermediate score of 51 in this dimension.( Hsu et al, 2015) Long term, Orientation makes the fifth dimension. This underlines the links a particular society makes with its past in order to deal with present or future challenges. It is noted that normative societies rank low in this dimension as they follow a time-honored tradition while viewing changes in the social structure with suspicion. The societies which score high in this dimension take a pragmatic approach.( Huff et al, 2014) A major focus of such society is the effective and thrifty education system so as to prepare individuals for the future. Japan scores 88 in this dimension and thus is ranked as one of the most long term orientation oriented society. Fatalism of any kind does not take the Japanese by shock, since the country assumes that it has had a very short existence n the history of mankind. There is no existence of God in Japanese culture, the country believes in practical examples of good work and virtues. The same is also seen in the corporate field. Japanese business inv ests a lot in Research and Development, even during the times of an economical crunch. In addition to that the country focuses on higher capital rate, focus on steady growth of market share and so on. The businesses are dominated by the idea of sustainability. The companies do not exist to earn profits for the shareholders, but to serve the society and the stakeholders in the long run. Australia haw a low score of 21 in this dimension making it an example of a normative society. (Ho and McKercher,2014) People of such societies are always in a pursuit to establish the absolute truth, and thus are normative in their thinking. Such societies are attributed by respect for other cultures and are focused on achieving immediate results. The final dimension is that of Indulgence. The degree of socialization among children has been a concern for every society. This dimension states the extent to which people can control their desires and impulses, on the basis of their socialization. Resistance refers to a strong level of control, where as indulgence refers to a relatively low level of control. Based on this a culture can be described as Resistant of Indulgent. (Shulgin et al, 2017) Having a low score of 42, Japan exhibits a resistant culture Cynicism and pessimism is a characteristic of such societies. Japanese thus do not indulge in leisure activities and have a strong control on their desires. Thus Japanese people thus perceive that their actions are restrained by social norms, and feel indulgence is something of a sin. Australia is on the other hand an indulgent society having a high score of 71 in this dimension. (Carrasco et al,2015) Australians exhibit an interest to fulfill their desires and indulge in having fun. They are optimistic as compared with the Japanese. A high degree of importance is given on leisure activities. In addition to that they spend a lot of money for the fulfillment of their desires. Conclusion: Through this assignment the difference in the social structure of both Japan and Australia is evident. 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